Telecom service providers (TSPs), such as Jio, Airtel and Vi, broadly believe that internet companies have wronged them and taken undue advantage of them in two ways. First, some internet applications and services have substituted traditional telecom operators by providing similar services such as calls and messages. Telcos argue that this 'substitution’ has an adverse impact on their revenues. Second, internet companies provide their services over a network that is largely developed by the TSPs. However, large capital investments that are required for the expansion and maintenance of this network are borne by TSPs and not by the internet companies who benefit from a wider and quicker network.