I compared the economic growth during the gold standard era with the period after it was abandoned. It's important to recognise that the term "gold standard" doesn't refer to just one system. Up until 1913, the US operated under the classical gold standard, where there was no central bank.
After 1933, the US moved to a system known as the gold exchange standard. In this system, while there was a central bank (the Federal Reserve), individuals couldn’t directly exchange dollars for gold, but other central banks could. This arrangement still imposed a limit on how much money the US government could print because foreign central banks had the option to convert dollars into gold.
That system lasted until 1971, after which the dollar took on a completely different character. The dollar post-1971 is fundamentally different from the one that existed under the gold exchange standard.
Before 1971, there was a reasonably strong linkage to gold, which acted as a constraint on money printing. The US government couldn't print excessive amounts of money, so it was forced to live within its means. This all changed in 1971, when the gold standard was completely abandoned. Since then, they’ve been printing without any restraint.
For context, to reach the first trillion dollars in national debt, it took the US government almost 200 years—from 1789 to 1982. Now, they add a trillion every 100 days. This is the consequence of removing the gold standard, which essentially allowed for unchecked government growth.