In late 2023, at COP28, global leaders signed a pledge to transition away from fossil fuels in order to keep global temperature rise to 1.5°C. The large increase in renewable energy resources needed to facilitate this transition away fossil fuels will will require scaling up of the world’s production and processing of critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, copper and rare earth elements. These strategic minerals are essential ingredients of renewable technologies like electric vehicles, solar panels, and wind turbines.